{"id":814,"date":"2021-08-12T16:54:40","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T08:54:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=814"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:01","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:01","slug":"4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 4 &#8211; Sign Phonetics and Phonolgy: Stokoe&#8217;s notation symbol"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=660961a2-6e4d-47e9-be61-ad75008d24ba&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In spoken languages, words are made up of a sequence of sounds. Sounds are classified into two major types: consonants and vowels. Consonants are produced with some degree of restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the airflow from the lungs, while vowels are produced with relatively little restriction of the airflow from the lungs (Fromkin et al., 2011). Conventionally, these consonants and vowels are represented by alphabetical symbols known as the International Phonetic Alphabets (IPA).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=30e00169-f916-4ddc-b4ca-ad75008d253c&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">For example, the English word <em>cat<\/em> consists of three sounds: [k\u00e6t]<em>. <\/em>[k] and [t] are consonants, while [\u00e6] is a vowel. Other examples of consonants are: [p], [m], [s], [\u0283], [l]. Other examples of vowels are [a], [e], [i], [o], [u]. Detailed information about the IPA system can be found on the website of the International Phonetic Association (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/content\/full-ipa-chart\">https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/content\/full-ipa-chart<\/a>). Individual consonants and vowels do not carry their own meanings, but when they are combined together, they can form a word that carries meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=acf3df37-9dac-40c8-aaae-ad75008d24de&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In his earliest publications on American Sign Language, Stokoe (Stokoe, 1960\/2005; Stokoe et al., 1965) proposed that, similar to a spoken word consisting of a sequence of consonants and vowels, a signed word can be analyzed as having a simultaneous combination of three phonological elements, namely, location (tab), handshape (dez), and movement (sig). In the sign DRIVE in Hong Kong Sign Language, for instance, the two fists (handshape) perform alternating up-and-down movements (movement) in the space in front of the signer (location). In other words, the handshape, location and movement are the building blocks of a signed word.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=c806b428-fe69-4f7a-803a-ad79006a128b&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"185\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-815 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-1024x576.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-300x169.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-768x432.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-1536x864.jpg 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-624x351.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/DRIVE.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">DRIVE (HKSL)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=9306bfe2-1280-4612-a1c3-ad75008d2512&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Stokoe developed a detailed notation system to capture the possible values of each of these three phonological parameters in American Sign Language. Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the symbols in the Stokoe System (Stokoe et al, 1965: p.x-xii), and the illustrations of these symbols with examples Hong Kong Sign Language and American Sign Language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Table 1&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/table-1-location-tab-symbols\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Location (Tab) symbols<\/strong><\/a><br>Table 2&nbsp;<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/table-2-handshape-dez-symbols\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Handshape (Dez) symbols<\/strong><\/a><br>Table 3 <strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/table-3-movement-sig-symbols\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/table-3-movement-sig-symbols\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Movement (Sig) symbols<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=cc2e9a70-98bf-40f7-a35e-ad75008d46a0&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The above tables show all the symbols (No. 1-55) created by Stokoe to stand for the handshapes, locations and movements found in ASL. This list is not meant to cover the possible handshapes, locations and movements found in all sign languages. In fact, there are handshapes that can be found in other sign languages but not ASL. For example, the handshape of ON-AVERAGE in Hong Kong Sign Language involves an extended middle finger and a curved index finger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (1): ON-AVERAGE in Hong Kong Sign Language<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\" style=\"grid-template-columns:20% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"287\" height=\"422\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1188 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic1.png 287w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic1-204x300.png 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Handshape for <strong>AVERAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\" style=\"grid-template-columns:40% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"594\" height=\"424\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1189 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic2.png 594w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module4-pic2-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 594px) 100vw, 594px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>ON-AVERAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=1af86dd7-44c8-4ae6-96f6-ad75008d5764&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Stokoe proposed a system to transcribe ASL signs using his notation symbols. If you are interested in learning how to do sign transcriptions, you can consult his original works or other online resources. Stokoe\u2019s notation system was the first transcription system for lexical signs in the field of sign linguistics. Another widely used transcription system is the Hamburg Sign Language Notation System (HamNoSys). Information on HamNoSys can be easily found online.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., &amp; Hyams, N. (2011). <em>An introduction to language<\/em> (11th ed.). Cengage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Stokoe, W., Casterline, D. C., &amp; Croneberg, C. G. (1965). <em>A dictionary of American Sign Language on linguistics principles<\/em>. Gallaudet College Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Stokoe, W. (2005).&nbsp; Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication system of the American deaf. <em>Journal of deaf studies and deaf education, 10<\/em>(1), 3-37. (Original work published 1960).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/3-the-emergence-of-sign-linguistics\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/3-the-emergence-of-sign-linguistics\/\">&lt; Module 3: The emergence of Sign Linguistics<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/5-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-duality-of-patterning\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/5-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-duality-of-patterning\/\">Module 5: Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Duality of patterning &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_814\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"814\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In spoken languages, words are made up of a sequence of sounds. Sounds are classified into two major types: consonants and vowels. Consonants are produced with some degree of restriction or closure in the vocal tract that impedes the airflow from the lungs, while vowels are produced with relatively little&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_814\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"814\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 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