{"id":2495,"date":"2024-08-12T15:38:37","date_gmt":"2024-08-12T07:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=2495"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:37:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:37:20","slug":"module-16-non-manuals-in-sign-languages-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-16-non-manuals-in-sign-languages-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 16 &#8211; Non-manuals in Sign Languages (II)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=24724398-11ed-4738-a84a-b1bf007da2d8&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">On the syntactic level, non-manual signals can be used to mark certain sentence types in sign languages. Examples include yes-no questions, wh-questions, conditionals, negation and topic constructions (Crasborn, &nbsp;2006; Pfau &amp; Quer, 2010)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 1a shows a declarative statement which means &#8216;Father is on leave every Tuesday&#8217; in HKSL. Example 1b is a yes-no question meaning &#8216;Is Father on leave every Tuesday?&#8217; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 1a:<br\/>FATHER  ON-LEAVE EVERY-TUESDAY<br\/>&#8216;Father is on leave every Tuesday.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 1b:<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eyebrow raise<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>head thrust forward<\/u><br>FATHER ON-LEAVE EVERY-TUESDAY<br\/>&#8216;Is father on leave every-Tuesday?&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 1a and 1b have the same manual signs and word order.  The only difference is the non-manual signals which indicate the interrogative nature of Example 1b (i.e., eyebrow raise and forward head thrust). The non-manuals for yes-no questions in HKSL, as in many other sign languages, are obligatory because they are necessary for distinguishing the yes-no questions from the corresponding statements (Tang, 2006). Non-manual markers for yes-no questions tend to be highly similar across sign languages (Zeshan, 2004).  It is this particular use of non-manuals in yes-no questions that led to the comparison of non-manuals with prosody in spoken languages. Languages like English and Dutch have specific intonational patterns for yes-no questions (Crasborn, 2006). Non-manuals in sign languages serve a similar function. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=a60f48ee-de2e-4952-a0c9-b1bf007d67dd&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In HKSL, wh-questions are marked by non-manual signals as well. However, the non-manuals are different from those marking yes-no questions. Example 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b shows 4 wh-questions in HKSL. All of them are marked by brow furrows and head thrusting forward, which may scope over the entire questions (Example 2a and 3a) or just the sentence-final wh-words (Example 2b and 3b). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 2a:<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/><u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head thrust forward<\/u><br\/>IX[=you] HOME WHERE<br\/>&#8216;Where is your home?&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 2b:<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>head thrust forward<\/u><br\/>IX[=you] HOME WHERE<br\/>&#8216;Where is your home?&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 3a:<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/><u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head thrust forward<\/u><br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BUY BOOK WHO<br\/>&#8216;Who bought the book?&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 3b:<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>head thrust forward<\/u><br\/>BUY BOOK WHO<br\/>&#8216;Who bought the book?&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">While the non-manual signals for yes-no questions are obligatory, those for wh-questions are optional in HKSL. The optionality of wh-questions non-manual markings is found in other sign languages as well (Zeshan, 2004). <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=43b43efd-c3f2-4aa5-9445-b1bf007d67aa&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Conditional sentences in HKSL require an obligatory use of non-manuals for the conditional clause. In Example 4, the entire if-clause (i.e., (if) TOMORROW RAIN) is marked by forward head thrust, eyebrow raise, and eyes opening wide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 4:<br\/>brow raise<br\/>eyes wide-open<br\/>&nbsp;<u>head thrust forward<\/u><br\/>TOMORROW RAIN, PICNIC CANCEL<br\/>&#8216;If it rains tomorrow, the picnic will be canceled.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=b1917a14-efed-4523-b9a7-b1bf007d67f8&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In many sign languages, negative sentences are marked by side-to-side headshakes (Pfau &#038; Quer, 2010). In HKSL, side-to-side headshakes are only occasionally observed in negative sentences. For sentences involving the negator NOT and NOT-HAVE, what HKSL signers prefer to use is backward head movement and brow furrow, along with different mouth actions such as (i) having mouth corners down and lips pressed tightly together; (ii) mouthing &#8216;m hai&#8217;; and  (iii) having protruded, rounded lips (Sze, 2022). Example 5a, 5b and 6 show two negative sentences in HKSL, which involve different negators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 5a: <br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head tilt backward<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>mouthing m hai<\/u><br\/>IX[=he] DEAF NOT<br\/>&#8216;He is not deaf.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 5b: <br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head tilt backward<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>mouth corners down<\/u><br\/>IX[=he] DEAF NOT<br\/>&#8216;He is not deaf.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 6: <br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow furrow<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head tilt backward<br\/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>protruded, rounded lips<\/u><br\/>IX[=me] BUY CAR NOT-HAVE<br\/>&#8216;I have not bought any car.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">These negation related non-manual markers are common in HKSL, though their presence is not obligatory. In other words, it is acceptable if signers negate a sentence without any non-manuals. As shown in Example 5 and 6, the signs preceding the negotor may optionally be marked eyebrow raise, too. The eyebrow raise is likely to perform a contrastive function, marking the scope of negation. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=bfa4daa9-cd2c-40f5-b8a3-b1bf007d682c&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Topic constructions are another kind of sentences that can be optionally marked by non-manuals in sign languages. In HKSL, sentence-initial topics that offer a temporal or spatial framework for the proposition (i.e., core meaning) in the sentence can be optionally marked by eyebrow raising (Sze, 2011)(Example 7 and 8):<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 7:<br\/><u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow raise<\/u><br\/>PAST YEAR 1992, IX[=me] SECONDARY-SCHOOL GRADUATE<br\/>&#8216;Back in 1992, I graduated from secondary school.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 8:<br\/><u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brow raise<\/u><br\/>TAIWAN IX[=there], FRUIT DIFFERENT-KINDS DELICIOUS<br\/>&#8216;In Taiwan, there are different kinds of fruit and they are delicious.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Note that in both examples, there is also an intonational break, i.e., a slight pause and an across-the-board change of non-manual signals, right after the topic phrase. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=4f8e684e-977a-44b2-9b91-b1bf007d7196&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In other sign languages, topicalization (i.e., moving a phrase to the beginning of a sentence) may require non-manual marking as well. In the ASL example below, the topic non-manual marking includes eyebrow raise, head tilt and the topicalized word CAT being held a bit longer than usual. <\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 9:<br\/><u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;t<\/u><br\/>CAT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DOG&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CHASE<br\/>&#8216;As for the cat, the dog chased it.&#8217; (ASL) (Liddell, 1980, p.30)<br\/>(&#8216;t&#8217; stands for non-manual markings for topicalisation.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Our examples discussed in this module and the previous one show that non-manuals are grammatically important elements at different linguistic levels in grammar. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><strong><u><br>References:<\/u><\/strong><\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Crasborn, O. (2006). Nonmanual structures in sign languages. In K. Brown (Ed.), <em>Encyclopedia of language &amp; linguistics<\/em>, <em>8<\/em>, 668-672.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Liddell, S. K. (1980). <em>American Sign Language syntax.<\/em> Mouton.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Pfau, R., &amp; Quer, J. (2010). Nonmanuals: Their prosodic and grammatical roles. <em>Sign languages<\/em> (pp. 381-402). <br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511712203.018\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511712203.018<\/a> .<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sze, F. (2011). Non-manual markings fir topic constructions in Hong Kong Sign Language. <em>Sign language and linguistic, 14<\/em>(1), 115-147.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sze, F. (2022). From gestures to grammatical non-manuals in sign language: A case study of polar questions and negation in Hong Kong Sign Language. <em>Lingua, 267<\/em>, 103-188.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Tang, G. (2006). Questions and negation in Hong Kong Sign Language. In U. Zeshan (Ed.), <em>Interrogative and negative constructions in sign languages<\/em> (pp. 198-224)<em>.<\/em> Ishara Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Zeshan, U. (2004). Interrogative constructions in signed languages: Crosslinguistic perspective. <em>Language, 80<\/em>(1), 7-39.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-15-non-manuals-in-sign-languages-i\/\">&lt; Module 15 &#8211; Non-manuals in sign languages (I)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-17-classifier-constructions-in-sign-languages-i\/\">Module 17 &#8211; Classifier constructions in sign languages (I) &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_2495\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"2495\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On the syntactic level, non-manual signals can be used to mark certain sentence types in sign languages. Examples include yes-no questions, wh-questions, conditionals, negation and topic constructions (Crasborn, &nbsp;2006; Pfau &amp; Quer, 2010) Example 1a shows a declarative statement which means &#8216;Father is on leave every Tuesday&#8217; in HKSL. Example&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-16-non-manuals-in-sign-languages-ii\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_2495\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"2495\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":16,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"[]"},"class_list":["post-2495","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2495"}],"version-history":[{"count":108,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2495\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2810,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2495\/revisions\/2810"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}