{"id":2373,"date":"2024-08-06T12:23:59","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T04:23:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=2373"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:37:02","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:37:02","slug":"module-14-sign-language-morphology-ii-simultaneous-non-concatenative-morphology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-14-sign-language-morphology-ii-simultaneous-non-concatenative-morphology\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 14 &#8211; Sign Language Morphology (II): Simultaneous (Non-concatenative) Morphology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=6e0a7d84-37fa-4bf7-b838-b1bf007be0fe&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">As we mentioned in the previous module, simultaneous (non-concatenative) morphology is very common in sign languages: different morphemes are placed over each other simultaneously rather than being strung together in a linear order (Aronoff et al., 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The verb agreement we discussed in Module 9 and 12 is an example of simultaneous inflectional morphology. In Example 1a, the citation form (i.e., the simplest, original form that can be listed in a dictionary) of GIVE consists of a single morpheme. In Example 1b, the morphemes that indicate the subject (at location \u2018a\u2019) and indirect object (at location \u2018b\u2019) are realized as movement and location modifications overlaid on the citation form (<sub>a<\/sub>GIVE<sub>b<\/sub>).<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"341\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2386\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.1.jpg 623w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.1-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><\/figure><p style =\"font-size:15px\">Example 1a. GIVE (citation form)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"715\" height=\"342\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2387\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.2.jpg 715w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.2-300x143.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.2-624x298.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 715px) 100vw, 715px\" \/><\/figure><p style =\"font-size:15px\">Example 1b. <sub>a<\/sub>GIVE<sub>b<\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:12px\">____________<br\/><sup>1<\/sup> It is uncontroversial that <sub>a<\/sub>GIVE<sub>b<\/sub> in Example 1b consists of multiple morphemes. However, whether the movement and location modification are comparable to verb agreement in spoken languages is a longstanding debate in the literature. See Mathur &amp; Rathmann (2012) for an overview of the controversies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=3442b978-e279-42b4-9647-b1bf007b82b5&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Another type of simultaneous morphology in sign languages is the inflectional modifications that mark temporal aspects. For example, the continuative morpheme can be overlaid on a verb to show that the event lasts for a prolonged period of time without any interruptions (Rathmann, 2005)(Example 2b and 2c):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"149\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2413\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 2a. LOOK-AT (citation form)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"155\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.4-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2416\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 2b. LOOK-AT + continuative<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 2c. <br\/> PICTURE CL[=picture on wall],  WOMAN  LOOK-AT + continuative<br\/>\n&#8216;The woman is looking at the picture on the wall for a long time.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The continuative morpheme is a bound morpheme as it cannot appear on its own. It alters the movement of the verb root, lengthening its duration.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=12a6e59e-ad0d-4e0f-b7d8-b1bf007b82fb&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The habitual morpheme is another temporal aspectual marker. It indicates a general characteristic of an individual. This bound morpheme is expressed through quick and short repetitions of the verb movement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"158\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2425\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 3a. READ (citation form)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2426\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 3b. READ + habitual<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 3c. <br\/> IX-1  YOUNGER-BROTHER     READ + habitual  ALWAYS<br\/>\n&#8216;My younger brother reads a lot.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The examples discussed so far are all inflectional morphemes as they do not change the meaning and grammatical category of the verbs. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=7d935719-e12b-44b1-87c3-b1bf007b82db&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Some derivational morphemes in sign languages are simultaneous in nature as well.  In what follows, we will briefly describe two types of derivational morphology: noun-verb distinction and numeral incorporation. <\/p><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Supalla and Newport (1978) examined a class of nouns and verbs that are semantically and formationally related in ASL. They found that the verbs are usually signed with a longer single movement, while the noun counterparts involve reduplications with shorter and more restrained movements. Below are two pairs of related nouns and verbs from ASL. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"356\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2431\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.7.png 356w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.7-300x162.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 4a: SIT (ASL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.8_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2432\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 4b: CHAIR (ASL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"164\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.10.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2434\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 5a: FLY-BY-PLANE (ASL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"163\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2435\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 5b: AIRPLANE (ASL)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Supalla and Newport (1978) argue that these nouns and verbs are derived from the same abstract form via two different morphological rules. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=28fdfb32-ba6b-4042-8992-b1bf007b8278&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The same derivational distinction between nouns and verbs has been reported in some other sign languages, too. In HKSL, a large number of related noun-verb pairs also show this systematic derivational contrast. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.12_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2446\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:163px;height:192px\"\/><\/figure>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 6a: PUT-ON-SHOE (HKSL, verb)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.13_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2444\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 6b: SHOE (HKSL, noun)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.14_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2449\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 7a: OPEN-DOOR (HKSL, verb, B-hand)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.15_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2450\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 7b: DOOR (HKSL, noun)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=d6e312c1-5b12-4e6e-a78b-b1bf007b8ca0&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Numeral incorporation is another common derivational process in sign languages (Fuentes et al., 2010). Example 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d show the HKSL signs for MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY respectively. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"314\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2452\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.16.png 314w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.16-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 314px) 100vw, 314px\" \/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 8a: MONDAY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"299\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2453\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 8b: TUESDAY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2454\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 8c: WEDNESDAY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"325\" height=\"192\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2455\" style=\"width:416px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.19.png 325w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/module_14.19-300x177.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/><\/figure><p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 8d: THURSDAY<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In these HKSL examples, the base sign for DAY-OF-THE-WEEK consists of the parameters of location, movement and orientation. The handshape is unspecified. This base sign can incorporate a numeral handshape to indicate a specific day of the week. In HKSL, quite a number of concepts related to time and number are represented by signs with numeral incorporation. Further examples include grade levels in primary school education, number of months and weeks:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example 9a: GRADE-ONE<br\/>\nExample 9b: GRADE-TWO<br\/>\nExample 9c: GRADE-THREE<br\/>\nExample 9d: GRADE-FOUR<br\/>\nExample 10a: ONE-MONTH <br\/>\nExample 10b: TWO-MONTHS <br\/>\nExample 10c: THREE-MONTHS<br\/>\nExample 10d: FOUR-MONTHS<br\/>\nExample 11a: ONE-WEEK <br\/>\nExample 11b: TWO-WEEKS<br\/>\nExample 11c: THREE-WEEKS<br\/>\nExample 11d: FOUR-WEEKS\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=c31249b2-7be5-459e-bbe2-b1bf007bae35&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In this module we have introduced a few simultaneous morphological processes. Simultaneity is in fact a prominent feature of sign language grammar. In the next few modules, we will introduce other aspects of sign language grammar which also involve simultaneously organized structures. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong><strong><u><br>References:<\/u><\/strong><\/strong><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Aronoff, Mark, Irit Meir &amp; Wendy Sandler. 2005. The paradox of sign language morphology. <em>Language (Baltim), <\/em>81(2): 301-344.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Fuentes, Mariana, Mar\u00eda Ignacia Massone, Mar\u00eda del Pilar Fern\u00e1ndez-Viader &amp; Alejandro Makotrinsky. 2010. Numeral-Incorporating Roots in Numeral Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Two Sign Languages. Sign Language Studies 11(1). 55\u201375.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Mathur, Gaurav, Christian Rathmann. 2012. Verb agreement. In Roland Pfau, Markus Steinbach &amp; Bencie Woll (eds.) <em>Sign Language: An International Handbook<\/em>. Berlin\/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.136-157.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Rathmann,&nbsp;Christian, 2005.&nbsp; <em>Event structure in American Sign Language.<\/em>&nbsp;PhD, University of Texas at Austin, USA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Supalla, T., &amp; Newport, E. 1978. &#8220;How many seats in a chair? The derivation of nouns and verbs in American Sign Language.&#8221; In P. Siple (Ed.),&nbsp;<em>Understanding Language through Sign Language Research<\/em>. Academic Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-13-sign-language-morphology-i-sequential-concatenative-morphology\/\">&lt; Module 13 \u2013 Sign Language Morphology (I): Sequential (Concatenative) Morphology<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-15-non-manuals-in-sign-languages-i\/\">Module 15 &#8211; Non-manuals in sign Sign languages Languages (I) &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_2373\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"2373\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As we mentioned in the previous module, simultaneous (non-concatenative) morphology is very common in sign languages: different morphemes are placed over each other simultaneously rather than being strung together in a linear order (Aronoff et al., 2005). The verb agreement we discussed in Module 9 and 12 is an example&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-14-sign-language-morphology-ii-simultaneous-non-concatenative-morphology\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_2373\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"2373\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":14,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":"[]"},"class_list":["post-2373","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2373","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2373"}],"version-history":[{"count":78,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2373\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2777,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2373\/revisions\/2777"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2373"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}