{"id":1457,"date":"2022-12-08T12:09:12","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T04:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1457"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:45","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:45","slug":"module-10-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-referent-localization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-10-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-referent-localization\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 10 &#8211; Use of Space in Sign Languages: Referent Localization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=3baa799c-6c27-42fa-82d7-af730098f8aa&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In the previous module, we have discussed how deaf signers move agreement verbs and spatial verbs in space to express meaning. In this module, we will take a closer look at how deaf signers associate referents (e.g., human or non-human entities) with locations in the signing space.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=6efc3b46-8b63-40b7-a523-af730098f878&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Cormier et al. (2015) point out that there are two major types of space in sign languages for referential purposes: <strong>\u2018motivated\u2019<\/strong> and <strong>\u2018arbitrary\u2019<\/strong>. In the motivated use of space, signers map some elements of the real or imagined world onto the signing space. As we have shown in the earlier module, GIVE is an agreement verb and its movement direction can be modified to show the locations of the subject and indirect object. Agreement verbs can move between referents that are present in the signing space.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=df41d4dd-b41f-4d8b-96fe-afb900402855&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In Example (1), there are two persons standing next to the signer. She tells one person (i.e., Kenny) that she has given a book to another person (i.e., Sandy). GIVE moves from the signer to another person (i.e., Sandy), showing 1st-person subject agreement and 3rd-person indirect object agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (1)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">gesture [=attention] (looking at Kenny), IX-1&nbsp; BOOK&nbsp; <sub>1S<\/sub>GIVE<sub>3S<\/sub>&nbsp; (directing the verb to Sandy) FINISH <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;I already gave a book to (her).&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=8a8eb2ce-864d-473a-9263-af730098f8e3&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">If the two referents (i.e., the two persons) are not present, the signer can imagine they are there, and the agreement verbs move between these imagined referents, as in Example (2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (2) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">IX-1&nbsp; <sub>1s<\/sub>TELL<sub>3s&nbsp; <\/sub>KENNY&nbsp; IX-1&nbsp; BOOK&nbsp;&nbsp; <sub>1s<\/sub>GIVE<sub>3s<\/sub>&nbsp; FINSIH<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;I told Kenny I have given a book to Sandy.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=82c34476-c32f-4ed6-acf6-af730098f918&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">These imagined, invisible entities are known as surrogates, which are of more or less the same size of the real referents (Liddell, 1990; 1995). Hence, the height difference between the localized referents can affect the direction of the agreement verbs. In Example (3), the surrogates of \u2018the teacher\u2019 and \u2018the student\u2019 are placed on the two sides of the signer respectively. The directions of the pointing signs that refer to the two referents, and the movement of the verb GIVE, show that the teacher is taller than the student.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (3) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">IX[=this]&nbsp;&nbsp; TEACHER&nbsp;&nbsp; BOOK&nbsp; <sub>3s<\/sub>GIVE<sub>3s<\/sub>&nbsp; IX[=this]&nbsp; STUDENT.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; IX[=student]&nbsp; <sub>3s<\/sub>THANK<sub>3s<\/sub><sub><\/sub><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;The teacher gave a book to the student. The student said thank-you.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=014f51b5-8644-421f-8514-af730098fdd5&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (2) and (3) are instances of motivated use of space, in which signers interact with life-sized people or objects surrounding them. On the other hand, the scale of a motivated use of space can be smaller: the signers use the space in front of them as if it were a map, and represent people or objects with their hands at specific locations within this space (Cormier et al., 2015).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=bbd1b098-d8af-4ca2-ab1d-af730099143d&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In Example (4), the signer first specifies the location of the car by placing his left hand on the left side of the signing space. He then uses his right hand to introduce the boy and show him walking towards the car. The two hands that represent the car and the boy are called \u2018tokens\u2019 in Liddell\u2019s analysis (1990; 1995), and are commonly known as classifiers in most other (see Pfau et al., 2012; Sandler &amp; Lillo-Martin, 2006 for a general discussion of classifier constructions). Example (5) is another illustration of the motivated use of space, on a reduced scale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (4) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">CAR&nbsp;&nbsp; CL[=a car be located],&nbsp; BOY&nbsp; SHORT CL[= a boy walks towards the car]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;A short boy walks towards a car.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (5)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">TABLE&nbsp;&nbsp; CL[=a table be located],&nbsp; BOOK&nbsp; TWO&nbsp; CL[=two books on table]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;There are two books on the table.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=521fac2f-dcce-46c0-802a-afb700a3962e&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The second type of space involves arbitrary assignment of locations for referents, and these locations make no reference to any locations in the real or imagined world. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=0ab3c0a3-6700-4951-a377-af7300994a08&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In Example (6), the signer wants to compare the vision of hearing and deaf people. When signing DEAF, his head tilts slightly to the left, thus associating the left side of the signing space with the referent \u2018deaf people\u2019. He uses a similar method to associate \u2018hearing people\u2019 with the right side of the signing space. These locations are assigned arbitrarily just for a referential purpose. Arbitrary use of space is also observed in Example (7), in which the signer assigned two distinctive locations to stand for studying medicine and arts respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (6)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">DEAF<sub>a<\/sub> HEARING<sub>b<\/sub> VISION SIZE-OF-VISUAL-FIELD COMPARE <sub>a<\/sub>BETTER-THAN<sub>b<\/sub><br>\u2018Deaf people have a wider visual field than hearing people.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (7)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">STUDY MEDICINE IX[=studying medicine]&nbsp; HARD, STUDY YEAR++ MANY, BUT FUTURE WORK EARN MORE CAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">STUDY ARTS IX[=studying arts], IX[=me]&nbsp; INTERESTED, BUT FUTURE WORK EARN LITTLE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">IX[=studying medicine]&nbsp;&nbsp; IX[=studying arts]&nbsp; IX[=studying medicine]&nbsp; IX[=studying arts],&nbsp; IX[=me]&nbsp; CONSIDER STILL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">&#8216;Studying medicine is tough, and the duration of study is long. But I can earn a lot in the future. Studying arts is fun for me. But I can\u2019t earn much in the future. I am still considering these two options and haven\u2019t made a decision yet.&#8217;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Liddell, S. K. (1990). Four functions of a locus: Reexamining the structure of space in ASL. In C. Lucas (Ed.), <em>Sign language research: Theoretical issues<\/em> (pp. 176-198). Gallaudet University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Liddell, S. K. (1995). Real, surrogate and token space: Grammatical consequences in ASL. In K. Emmorey, &amp; J. S. Reilly (Eds.), <em>Language, gesture and space<\/em> (pp. 19-41). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Perniss, P. (2012). Use of sign space. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, &amp; B. Woll (Eds.), <em>Sign language: An international handbook<\/em> (pp. 412-431). De Gruyter Mouton.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Pfau, R., Steinbach, M., &amp; Woll, B. (2012). <em>Sign Language:<\/em> <em>An international handbook<\/em>. De Gruyter Mouton.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sandler, W., &amp; Lillo-Martin, D. (2006). <em>Sign language and linguistic universals.<\/em> Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-9-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-verb-classification\/\">&lt; Module 9 \u2013 Use of Space in Sign Languages: Verb Classification<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-11-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-marking-temporal-relations\/\">Module 11 \u2013 Use of Space in Sign Languages: Marking Temporal Relations &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1457\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1457\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the previous module, we have discussed how deaf signers move agreement verbs and spatial verbs in space to express meaning. In this module, we will take a closer look at how deaf signers associate referents (e.g., human or non-human entities) with locations in the signing space. Cormier et al&#8230;. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-10-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-referent-localization\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1457\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1457\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1457","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1457"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2771,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1457\/revisions\/2771"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}