{"id":1455,"date":"2022-12-08T12:10:12","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T04:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1455"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:53","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:53","slug":"module-12-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-more-on-verb-agreement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-12-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-more-on-verb-agreement\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 12 &#8211; Use of Space in Sign Languages: More on Verb Agreement"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=872d8710-eae2-404e-bfcb-af73009a06ad&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p>In this module, we will discuss a bit more about verb agreement. In the previous module, we have shown that a subset of verbs, known as agreement verbs, can inflect for person and number features. These verbs, however, manifest agreement features in different ways depending on their phonological shape (Mathur &amp; Rathmann, 2012).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=2c2376ca-9e0a-430f-b583-af74007e854a&#038;autoplay=false&#038;offerviewer=false&#038;showtitle=false&#038;showbrand=false&#038;captions=false&#038;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p>Some verbs show agreement via movement modifications (e.g., GIVE), some via orientation changes (e.g., EXPLAIN), and some via changes in both movement direction and palm orientation (e.g., TELL). Agreement verbs also differ in whether they can mark subject and object agreement at the same time. One-handed agreement verbs such as GIVE and HIT allow all possible combinations of subject and object agreement (Different examples of HIT: I hit you, you hit me, I hit him\/her, He\/she hits me, He\/she hits you, You hit him\/her, He\/she hits him\/her, ): <sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> Some researchers do not draw a distinction between 2<sup>nd<\/sup> person and 3<sup>rd<\/sup> person agreement, and group them together as \u2018non-first-person agreement\u2019, e.g., Lillo-Martin and Meier (2011), Rathmann &amp; Mathur (2012).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=f1d58b38-ac82-47e8-a1bc-af74007e8583&#038;autoplay=false&#038;offerviewer=false&#038;showtitle=false&#038;showbrand=false&#038;captions=false&#038;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Some agreement verbs, such as HELP, which is two-handed, allow limited combinations: I help you, you help me, I help him\/her, He\/she helps me, He\/she helps you<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=d169538a-0795-450d-92a3-b14d007edeb3&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Some agreement verbs are bodily anchored, and their agreement patterns are highly restricted. As shown in the following example, DONATE only allows two agreement patterns: I donate to you, I donate to him\/her.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=917dadbb-7882-4384-92a6-b14d007ede8b&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Beside person agreements, some agreement verbs may be spatially modified for number agreement. Klima and Bellugi (1979) and Padden (1983) suggest four possible values for the number features in agreement verbs: singular, dual, exhaustive and multiple. They are illustrated by EMAIL below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Example (1): I emailed you. (Single object)<br>Example (2): The teacher emailed all students. (Multiple (all))<br>Example (3): The teacher emailed each of the students. (Exhaustive plural (each))<br>Example (4): The teacher emailed two students (Dual (two) objects)<br>Example (5): Two students emailed me. (Dual (two) subjects)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"font-size:15px;grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_single-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1584 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_single-01.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_single-01-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_single-01-176x176.jpg 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_single-01-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>Single object<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_multiple-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1585 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_multiple-01.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_multiple-01-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_multiple-01-176x176.jpg 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_multiple-01-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Multiple (all)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_exhaustive-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1586 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_exhaustive-01.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_exhaustive-01-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_exhaustive-01-176x176.jpg 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_exhaustive-01-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Exhaustive plural (each)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-object-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1587 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-object-01.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-object-01-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-object-01-176x176.jpg 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-object-01-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Dual (two) objects<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:15% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-subject-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1588 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-subject-01.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-subject-01-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-subject-01-176x176.jpg 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/arrow_dual-subject-01-60x60.jpg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Dual (two) subjects<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=fa94577e-76a8-415e-916b-af73009a5b07&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Whether an agreement verb allows these number<a> <\/a>agreement patterns depends partly on the phonological characteristics of the verbs. In general, one-handed signs articulated in the neutral space have more flexibility in manifesting different kinds of agreement patterns.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Klima, E. S., &amp; Bellugi, U. (1979).&nbsp;<em>The signs of language<\/em>. Harvard University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Lillo-Martin, D., &amp; Meier, R. P. (2011). On the linguistic status of \u2018agreement\u2019 in sign languages. <em>Theoretical linguistics, 37<\/em>(3-4), 95-142.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Mathur, G., &amp; Rathmann, C. (2012). Verb agreement. In R. Pfau, M. Steinbach, &amp; B. Woll (Eds.), <em>Sign language: An international handbook<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 136-157). De Gruyter Mouton.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Padden, C. (1983). <em>Interaction of Morphology and Syntax in American Sign Language<\/em>. [PhD Dissertation, University of California]. Garland Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Rathmann, C., &amp; Mathur, G. (2003). Unexpressed features of verb agreement in signed languages. <em>Mediterranean Morphology Meetings, 4<\/em>, 235-250.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-11-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-marking-temporal-relations\/\">&lt; Module 11 \u2013 Use of Space in Sign Languages: Marking Temporal Relations<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-13-sign-language-morphology-i-sequential-concatenative-morphology\/\">Module 13 \u2013 Sign Language Morphology (I): Sequential (Concatenative) Morphology &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1455\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1455\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this module, we will discuss a bit more about verb agreement. In the previous module, we have shown that a subset of verbs, known as agreement verbs, can inflect for person and number features. These verbs, however, manifest agreement features in different ways depending on their phonological shape (Mathur&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-12-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-more-on-verb-agreement\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1455\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1455\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":12,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1455","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1455","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1455"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2769,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1455\/revisions\/2769"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}