{"id":1454,"date":"2022-12-08T12:08:39","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T04:08:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1454"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:35","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:35","slug":"module-9-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-verb-classification","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-9-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-verb-classification\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 9 &#8211; Use of Space in Sign Languages: Verb Classification"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=a881002e-46f7-485c-9141-afb90035574f&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">One distinctive feature of sign languages is the extensive use of space at different grammatical levels. In this module, we will look at how different types of verbs interact with the use of space. Padden (1988) proposes that verbs in ASL fall into three types: agreement verbs, spatial verbs and plain verbs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=ac77016e-0ba9-4377-a86d-afb9003652ab&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>Agreement verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Agreement verbs can encode the syntactic role of the arguments (i.e., subject, object, etc.), as well as their person (i.e., 1<sup>st<\/sup>, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> or 3<sup>rd<\/sup>) and number features (i.e., singular, plural, etc.). They typically denote transfer events. Similar to many other sign languages, GIVE in HKSL is an agreement verb.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=bd12745f-e97c-4de4-8653-afb600910dd9&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Figure 1 shows GIVE in its citation form, with a short forward path movement starting from a location near the signer\u2019s body. The citation form is the form used when the sign is produced in isolation and this form is what gets listed in a dictionary. The movement path of GIVE can be modified to indicate the subject (i.e., the person who gives) and the indirect object (i.e., the recipient). Figure 2 shows GIVE being modified for 1<sup>st<\/sup> person singular subject (i.e., I) , and 2<sup>nd<\/sup> person singular indirect object (i.e., you), meaning, \u2018I give you\u2019. Figure 3 shows \u2018I give him\/her\u2019, and Figure 4 means \u2018He\/She gives him\/her\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"623\" height=\"341\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1524\" style=\"width:312px;height:171px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-1.jpg 623w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-1-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 623px) 100vw, 623px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 1 Citation form of GIVE (agreement verb)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"340\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1525\" style=\"width:351px;height:170px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-2.jpg 701w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-2-300x146.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-2-624x303.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig.2&nbsp;&nbsp; <sub>1st_s<\/sub> GIVE <sub>2nd_s<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"638\" height=\"314\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1526\" style=\"width:319px;height:157px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-3.jpg 638w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-3-300x148.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-3-624x307.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig.3&nbsp;&nbsp; <sub>1st_s<\/sub> GIVE <sub>3rd_s<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"313\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1527\" style=\"width:327px;height:157px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-4.jpg 654w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-4-300x144.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module9-3-pic-4-624x299.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig.4&nbsp; <sub>3rd _s<\/sub> GIVE <sub>3rd_s<\/sub><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=64732572-8d17-4b16-9b74-af7100ad631c&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Padden proposes that this kind of movement modification is similar to verb agreement in spoken languages.<sup>1<\/sup>&nbsp;In GIVE, the movement begins at the assumed location of the subject referent, and is directed towards the location of the object (i.e., indirect object). Some agreement verbs show subject and verb agreements by changing the orientation of the palm only. Figure 5 shows the citation form of EXPLAIN in HKSL. Figure 6 shows the meaning \u2018I explain to him\/her\u2019, with the palm oriented towards the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> person object and the back of the hand facing the 1<sup>st<\/sup> person subject. Figure 7 shows the meaning \u2018He\/She explains to me\u2019, with the palm oriented towards the 1st person object and the back of the hand facing the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> person subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><sup>[1]<\/sup> Whether movement modifications with verbs like GIVE is a manifestation of verb agreement is controversial in the literature. Some researchers propose to combine agreement verbs and spatial verbs as one single class (e.g., de Quadros &amp; Quer 2008). For a review of the controversies involved, and some of the alternative analyses, readers can read Unit 7 of Pfau et al. (2012).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1641\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_13_20.Still005.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 5: Citation form EXPLAIN<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1640\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_10_19.Still004.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 6: I explain to him\/her<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1639\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_07_14.Still003.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 7: He\/she explains to me<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=b1e76008-b937-4f0a-9298-af7100ad6a42&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Some agreement verbs indicate verb agreement through a change in both movement direction and palm orientation, as in TELL in HKSL (Figure 8, 9 and 10)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1638\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_04_23.Still002.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 8: Citation form TELL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1637\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_02_24.Still001.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 9: You tell me<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1636\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_48_47.Still015.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 10: He\/she tells him\/her<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=19aee5b9-3826-4801-8a0d-af7100ad6f35&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In the examples of GIVE and TELL discussed above, the movement starts with the assumed location of the subject, and the hand moves towards that of the object. Most agreement verbs manifest this kind of movement pattern.&nbsp; However, there is a small class of agreement verbs that have the reversed movement direction. Figure 11 is the citation form of INVITE. Figure 12 is \u2018I invite him\/her\u2019. The verb begins at the location of the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> person object, and moves towards the 1<sup>st<\/sup> person subject. In figure 13, the verb begins at the 1<sup>st<\/sup> person object, and moves towards the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> person subject. This kind of agreement verbs is known as \u2018backward verbs\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1635\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_46_08.Still014.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 11: Citation form INVITE<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1634\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_43_28.Still013.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 12: I invite him\/her<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-1024x579.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1633\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-1024x579.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-300x170.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-768x434.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-624x353.jpg 624w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012-128x72.jpg 128w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2nd_s-TELL-1st_s_default.00_00_40_30.Still012.jpg 1136w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig. 13: He\/she invites me<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=f7538bf6-91c9-4341-a34d-af7100ad7699&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>Spatial verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Similar to agreement verbs, spatial verbs can be modified spatially. However, spatial verbs indicate locations associated with the beginning and ending positions of a motion verb. WALK (Figure 14, 15), PUT (Figure 16) and PAINT (Figure 17) are examples of spatial verbs in HKSL.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=848efea1-f099-452f-8b20-af7100b60ddf&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In Figure 14 and 15, WALK is spatially modified to show how the referent moves in the signing space by walking.&nbsp; PUT in Figure 16 shows where the book is placed. Figure 17 shows the locations painted by the man. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"282\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-1024x282.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1701\" style=\"width:720px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-1024x282.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-300x83.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-768x211.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-1536x423.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-2048x564.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig14_2-624x172.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 14. MAN &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sub>a<\/sub>WALK<sub>b <\/sub>&nbsp;<br>\u2018A man walks from location \u2018a\u2019 to location \u2018b\u2019.\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"302\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-1024x302.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1702\" style=\"width:720px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-1024x302.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-300x88.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-768x227.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-1536x453.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-2048x604.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig15_2-624x184.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 15. WOMAN\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0WALK-UP\u00a0<br>\u2018A woman walks up (the stairs).\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"330\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-1024x330.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1703\" style=\"width:720px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-1024x330.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-300x97.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-768x248.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-1536x495.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-2048x660.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig16_2-624x201.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 16. MAN&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;BOOK &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PUT<sub>a&nbsp; <\/sub>PUT<sub>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/sub><br>\u2018A man puts a book at location a.\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"330\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-1024x330.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1704\" style=\"width:720px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-1024x330.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-300x97.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-768x248.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-1536x495.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-2048x660.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig17_2-624x201.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 17.&nbsp; MAN&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PAINT<sub>a<\/sub>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PAINT<sub>b<\/sub>&nbsp;<br>\u2018A man paints location a and location b.\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=7dac269c-471c-4b0f-a22c-af7100ad7949&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>Plain verbs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The third type of verbs in sign languages is plain verbs. They do not show person or number agreement, do not move through space to indicate grammatical information, and do not take locative affixes. Figure 18 and Figure 19 show two plain verbs (LIKE, REMEMBER) in HKSL.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"353\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-1024x353.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1705\" style=\"width:589px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-1024x353.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-300x103.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-768x264.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-1536x529.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-2048x705.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig18_2-624x215.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 18. FATHER&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;LIKE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;CHILDREN<br>\u2018Father likes children.\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"212\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-1024x212.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1706\" style=\"width:853px;height:auto\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-1024x212.png 1024w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-300x62.png 300w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-768x159.png 768w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-1536x317.png 1536w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-2048x423.png 2048w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Fig19_2-624x129.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 19. FATHER &nbsp;&nbsp;BIRTHDAY &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;DATE&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;REMEMBER<br>\u2018I remember my father\u2019s birthday.\u2019<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Both LIKE and REMEMBER are bodily-anchored signs (i.e., articulated on the body), and cannot be spatially modified. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">de Quadros, R. M., &amp; Quer, J. (2008). Back to back(wards) and moving on: On agreement, auxiliaries and verb classes in sign languages. <em>Proceedings of the Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research Conference, 9<\/em>, 530-551.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Padden, C. A. (1988). <em>Interaction of morphology and syntax in American Sign Language.<\/em> Routledge.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Pfau, R., Steinbach, M., &amp; Woll, B. (2012). <em>Sign Language:<\/em> <em>An international handbook<\/em>. De Gruyter Mouton.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-8-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-phonological-processes-lexical-variation-and-historical-changes\/\">&lt; Module 8 \u2013 Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Phonological processes, lexical variation and historical changes<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-10-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-referent-localization\/\">Module 10 \u2013 Use of Space in Sign Languages: Referent Localization &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1454\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1454\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One distinctive feature of sign languages is the extensive use of space at different grammatical levels. In this module, we will look at how different types of verbs interact with the use of space. Padden (1988) proposes that verbs in ASL fall into three types: agreement verbs, spatial verbs and&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-9-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-verb-classification\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1454\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1454\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1454","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1454","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1454"}],"version-history":[{"count":81,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2768,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1454\/revisions\/2768"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}