{"id":1453,"date":"2022-12-08T12:07:40","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T04:07:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1453"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:31","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:31","slug":"module-8-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-phonological-processes-lexical-variation-and-historical-changes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-8-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-phonological-processes-lexical-variation-and-historical-changes\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 8 &#8211; Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Phonological processes, lexical variation and historical changes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=1e7154e9-353e-4c51-bcb3-afb6004441ab&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In this module, we will look at the relation between phonological processes and lexical variation in the sign language lexicon. A phonological process refers to an application of a certain constraint or rule on the phonological shape of the (underlying) input form in order to generate the output form (Quer et al., 2017).&nbsp; Phonological processes are found in all natural languages, spoken or signed. In spoken languages, a phonological process results in a systematic change that affects a sequence of sounds or a class of sounds. In sign languages, a phonological process affects one or more phonological parameters of the surface form of a sign. Below are some common phonological processes illustrated by examples in English and Hong Kong Sign Language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=e926e251-42ea-4796-9050-af710080048f&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In spoken languages, assimilation is a phonological process that alters the features of a sound segment (i.e., a consonant or a vowel) to make it more similar to another sound, typically a neighboring sound. Assimilation is very common, and it can occur between two words or within a word. In English, for example, the \/t\/ sound of <em>best man <\/em>may be pronounced as [p] in fast speech when it is followed by the bilabial nasal \/m\/ of <em>man<\/em>. \/t\/ and \/p\/ are voiceless stops and their only difference is the place of articulation: \/t\/ is alveolar (i.e., articulated at the alveolar ridge right behind the front teeth) whereas \/p\/ is bilabial (i.e., articulated by the upper and lower lips). \/t\/ is assimilated to [p] in anticipation of the following bilabial nasal \/m\/. This is an assimilation of the place of articulation. Another similar assimilation example is the word <em>bank<\/em>, in which the alveolar nasal \/n\/ becomes the velar nasal [\u014b] under the influence of the voiceless velar plosive \/k\/.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=e8dcf971-b5f0-47e4-8467-afb6004441a1&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Assimilation is common in sign languages, too. It can affect one or more phonological parameters in a sign, and may occur across two signs or within a sign. In HKSL, the citation form of the first person single pronominal sign IX[=me] involves an extended index finger touching the chest of the signer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"263\" height=\"289\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1494\" style=\"width:132px;height:145px\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In spontaneous discourse, this pronominal sign may assume the handshape of the following sign due to anticipatory assimilation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=1a77d4ed-ca60-449d-b101-af710080156a&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The two examples of HKSL below are extracted from a spontaneous conversation between two native signers. In these two examples, the first person pronoun assumes the handshape of the following sign (i.e., SIT and GUARD-AGAINST).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" height=\"486\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1497\" style=\"width:260px;height:243px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic2.png 520w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic2-300x280.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">IX[=me]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; SIT&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"587\" height=\"485\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1498\" style=\"width:294px;height:243px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic3.png 587w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-3-pic3-300x248.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">IX[=me]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0         GUARD-AGAINST<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">This kind of handshape assimilation of the first pronominal sign has previously been reported in other sign languages, too, e.g., ASL (Corina, 1990), Israeli Sign Language (Sandler, 1999).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=510912e5-c3af-438e-97ec-af7100802252&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Assimilation may occur within a sign as well. In HKSL, the original form of CAMERA depicts the manual gesture of holding a camera and pressing the shutter button (CAMERA-1). Only the index of the dominant hand flexes at the non-base joint. In another derived variant of the same sign (CAMERA-2), the button-pressing action spreads to the other hand. This is an instance of movement assimilation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"478\" height=\"294\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1504\" style=\"width:239px;height:147px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic1.jpg 478w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic1-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">CAMERA-1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"296\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1505\" style=\"width:275px;height:148px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic2.jpg 550w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-5-pic2-300x161.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">CAMERA-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=b937b76e-a619-4317-ac8a-af7100803c14&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Assimilation may occur within a compound. In HKSL, HABIT is a compound consisting of MIND and BREAK. HABIT-1 below shows the original compound without any assimilation. HABIT-2 is another variant with a handshape assimilation of MIND, due to the influence of the following sign BREAK.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"209\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-6-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1507\" style=\"width:388px;height:157px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-6-pic1.jpg 517w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-6-pic1-300x121.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">HABIT-1 (MIND^BREAK)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"497\" height=\"209\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/module8-6-pic2_2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1615\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/module8-6-pic2_2.png 497w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/module8-6-pic2_2-300x126.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">HABIT-2 (MIND^BREAK)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=4a41df21-8678-48fc-a8eb-af7100804b53&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Another common phonological process is deletion (also known as elision), which is broadly defined as the omission of one or more phonological segments. In spoken languages, what gets deleted can be a vowel, a consonant or a whole syllable in a word. In English, for example, <em>family <\/em>\/f\u00e6.m\u026a.li\/ consists of three syllables. The vowel in the second syllable may be deleted, resulting in [f\u00e6m.li]. Another example is <em>him<\/em> \/h\u026am\/, in which the initial consonant is deleted by some speakers, i.e., [\u026am].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=2de4a937-9ff6-4436-b17f-af7100805259&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In HKSL, deletion can sometimes occur in two-handed signs. The two examples below show two of the several possible variants of \u2018classmate\u2019. CLASSMATE-1 is two-handed, while CLASSMATE-2 is similar to CLASSMATE-1 but one of the hands is deleted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"534\" height=\"361\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1510\" style=\"width:267px;height:181px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic1.jpg 534w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic1-300x203.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">CLASSMATE-1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"355\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1511\" style=\"width:302px;height:178px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic2.jpg 603w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-8-pic2-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">CLASSMATE-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=c97c00e0-38ab-4936-902b-af7100805a8d&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Deletion of a sign in a compound is fairly common in HKSL. The two signs below are two variants of \u2018computer\u2019. COMPUTER-1 is a compound consisting of BRAIN and TYPE (note: the Chinese word for \u2018computer\u2019 is a compound made up of \u2018electrical\u2019 and \u2018brain\u2019. The HK sign for \u2018computer\u2019 is partially based on this Chinese expression). COMPUTER-2 only retains the second sign of COMPUTER-1, with the first sign entirely deleted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"321\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1513\" style=\"width:247px;height:161px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic1.jpg 493w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic1-300x195.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">COMPUTER-1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"323\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1514\" style=\"width:127px;height:162px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic2.jpg 254w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-9-pic2-236x300.jpg 236w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">COMPUTER-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=3a6f4748-249e-4565-9f3a-af71008004b0&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">The third kind of phonological processes to be discussed here is metathesis. It occurs when two sounds or syllables switch places in a word.&nbsp; In English, <em>ask<\/em> \/\u0251sk\/ is sometimes pronounced as [\u0251ks], in which the [s] and [k] sounds change their order of occurrence. In HKSL, the canonical way to sign DEAF requires the extended pinky to touch the ear and then the mouth. Under some circumstances, the order of the two contactual movements can swap. This kind of metathesis has been found in DEAF in ASL, too (e.g., Liddell &amp; Johnson, 1989)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=bb4c6b86-117c-47f4-9ee9-af74007e7ccf&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Another example of metathesis is SCHOOL in HKSL. The original sign (SCHOOL-1) is a compound consisting of STUDY^HOUSE (based on a direct translation of the corresponding Chinese word). Another variant of this sign (SCHOOL-2) reverses the order of the two signs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"267\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1518\" style=\"width:197px;height:134px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic1.png 393w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic1-300x204.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SCHOOL-1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"267\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1519\" style=\"width:213px;height:134px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic2.jpg 425w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-11-pic2-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">SCHOOL-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=da4f2aea-28a9-4aed-b6e4-af74007e7cb3&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Many of the HKSL examples discussed above (i.e., CAMERA-1 and CAMBER-2, CLASSMATE-1 and CLASSMATE-2, COMPUTER-1 and COMPUTER-2, SCHOOL-1 and SCHOOL-2) show that the phonological processes can generate new variants from the existing signs. These lexical variants are called phonological variants. In fact, a significant proportion of lexical variants in HKSL result from phonological processes. Not all lexical variants are phonological related, though. In HKSL, for example, apart from HABIT-1 and HABIT-2, another lexical variant (HABIT-3) is an entirely different sign. This is known as a separate variant. These phonological and separate variants can co-exist in the lexicon at the same time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"277\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-12-pic1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1520\" style=\"width:259px;height:139px\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-12-pic1.jpg 517w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/module8-12-pic1-300x161.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">HABIT-3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Corina, D. P. (1990). Handshape assimilations in hierarchical phonological representation. In C. Lucas (Ed.), <em>Sign language research: Theoretical issues<\/em> (pp. 27-49). Gallaudet University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Liddell, S. K., &amp; Johnson, R. E. (1989). American Sign Language: The phonological base. <em>Sign language studies, 64<\/em>, 195-278.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Quer, J., Cecchetto, C., Donati, C., Geraci, C., Kelepir, M., Pfau, R., &amp; Steinbach, M. (2017). <em>Signgram blueprint: A guide to sign language grammar writing.<\/em> Walter de Gruyter GmbH.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sandler, W. (1999). The medium and the message: Prosodic interpretation of linguistic content in Israeli Sign Language. <em>Sign language &amp; linguistics, 2<\/em>(2),, 187-215.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-7-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-symmetry-and-dominance-condition\/\">&lt; Module 7 \u2013 Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Symmetry and Dominance Condition<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-9-use-of-space-in-sign-languages-verb-classification\/\">Module 9 \u2013 Use of Space in Sign Languages: Verb Classification &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1453\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1453\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this module, we will look at the relation between phonological processes and lexical variation in the sign language lexicon. A phonological process refers to an application of a certain constraint or rule on the phonological shape of the (underlying) input form in order to generate the output form (Quer&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-8-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-phonological-processes-lexical-variation-and-historical-changes\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1453\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1453\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1453","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1453","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1453"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1453\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2767,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1453\/revisions\/2767"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1453"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}