{"id":1440,"date":"2022-12-08T11:43:41","date_gmt":"2022-12-08T03:43:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1440"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:26","slug":"module-7-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-symmetry-and-dominance-condition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-7-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-symmetry-and-dominance-condition\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 7 &#8211; Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Symmetry and Dominance Condition"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=9b9ec012-65e9-4a67-9eeb-af71007390a9&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">As we have shown in previous modules, natural signs can be one-handed and two-handed. Two-handed signs may have different combinations of handshapes, locations and movements. Are the combinations entirely random? Are there any restrictions on these combinations? Are some forms more preferred than others? These are the questions we will discuss in this module. Below are some examples of two-handed signs in Hong Kong Sign Language. Can you classify them into several groups according to the handshapes and movements of the two hands? FLY-A-KITE, DIFFERENT-1, RUDE\/AGRESSIVE, ADD, ELECTRICITY, DRIVE, WOOD, CABLE-CAR, SCIENCE, QUALITY, CONTROL\/DIRECT, SOMETIMES, EQUIVALENT-TO, BUDDHA, DIFFERENT-2, JAPAN<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=ac28fdb3-ede6-4c33-a90f-af6d00a570f8&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Battison (1978, p.204) proposed that two-handed signs in ASL can be divided into three types: Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. The same classification can actually be applied to HKSL (and other sign languages), too.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=d6b5b628-1d70-4942-b74c-b14d007ec110&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p><strong>Type 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Both hands are active and perform identical movements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The hands may or may not contact each other\/may or may not contact the signer\u2019s body<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The movements may be synchronous or alternating.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Synchronous. This means the two hands perform the movements at the same time. Examples:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>RESTRAINED-FEELINGS (ASL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FLY-A-KITE (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DIFFERENT-1 (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>EQUIVALENT-TO (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>RUDE\/AGGRESSIVE (HKSL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alternating. This means the two hands alternate in performing the movement\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>WHICH (ASL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DRIVE (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SCIENCE (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CONTROL\/DIRECT (HKSL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=b4d8f1aa-9338-418b-8d7f-b14d007ec14a&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p><strong>Type 2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In Type 2 signs, the two hands have the same handshape, but only one hand is moving. The active hand is called the dominant hand. The non-moving hand is known as the non-dominant hand or passive hand. Examples:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NAME (ASL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ADD (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>DIFFERENT-2 (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>WOOD (HKSL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=aa94f5a9-cf2a-44a0-94ec-b14d007ec173&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p><strong>Type 3:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In Type 3 signs, only one hand is active, but the two hands do not share the same handshape. Examples:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>DISCUSS (ASL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>JAPAN (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ELECTRICITY (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>QUALITY (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CABLE-CAR (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SOMETIMES (HKSL)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>BUDDHA (HKSL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=cc22c26d-ae94-44e4-86a8-afb900324223&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p>For Type 1 signs (i.e., signs in which both hands move), Battison observed that the two hands almost always have identical handshapes and movements. In fact, it is rather hard to find signs with two hands having different movements and handshapes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can try this yourself: sign BUS and ENJOY in Hong Kong Sign Language with your two hands simultaneously. The two signs have different handshapes, movements and locations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol style=\"list-style-type:1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Left hand: perform BUS, with fist, ipsilateral side, up and down movement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right hand: perform ENJOY, with a \u1e02-handshape, circular movement on one\u2019s chest.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Do you find it difficult to have two hands doing different actions simultaneously?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=b16c9244-0291-4177-ae92-afb0008fdc0c&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Based on his observations of Type-1 signs in ASL, Battison proposed The Symmetry Condition as follows (1978, p.33-35):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u201cThe Symmetry Condition states that (a) if both hands of a sign move independently during its articulation, then (b) both hands must be specified for the same location, the same handshape, the same movement (whether performed simultaneously or in alternation), and the specification of orientation must be either symmetrical or identical.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=6c8b107b-fb5b-4a1b-9fa9-af6d00a5848e&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-size:15px\">\n<p>\u201cSame location\u201d means that the two hands are in the same area or they are in mirror-image locations on either side of the line of bilateral symmetry. \u201cSymmetrical orientation\u201d is defined as any orientation in which identical parts (any parts) of the two hands have mirror image orientation with respect to the plane which separates them. In the two-handed HKSL sign PROVE, the two hands are on the two sides of the midsagittal plane (the green dotted line), which is the vertical plane that separates the human body into the left and right halves. The ulnar sides (i.e., the side of the pinky finger) of the two hands are facing each other. Hence, this sign has a symmetrical orientation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=21b03833-9849-4b76-8f09-afb000926306&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">\u201cIdentical orientation\u201d means that the two hands share the same orientation with the body, but it says nothing about the orientation of the hands with respect to each other (Battison 1978, p.33-35). Identical orientation can be illustrated by the HKSL sign WHAT-MONTH-WHAT-DAY, in which the palms of both hands are facing the signer\u2019s body.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=3a1917ce-ec16-4490-b079-af6d00a58b05&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">With regards to Type 3 signs, Battison made another interesting observation. While there is no restriction on the possible handshape of the active hand, the passive hand can only be one of the following handshapes: A, S, B, 5, G (i.e., 1), C and O, with very few exceptions. To account for this handshape asymmetry, Battison proposed the Dominance Condition (Battison, 1978, p.206). This condition states that (a) if the hands of a two-handed sign do not share the same specification for the handshape, then (b) One hand must be passive while the active hand articulates the movement, and (c) The specification of the passive handshape is restricted to one of a small set: A, S, B, 5, G (i.e., 1), C and O.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=3ec046fc-8643-4ec3-b2b6-afb00095fef5&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">In effect, the Symmetry and Dominance Conditions exclude a large number of complex gestures from becoming possible signs in a sign language. The Symmetry Condition rules out signs that require two hands to perform different motor acts. The Dominance Condition requires that, if a two-handed sign has different handshapes, the overall complexity of the sign has to be reduced by prohibiting the movement of one hand, and severely restricting the possible handshape that can appear in the passive hand (1978, p.207). Out of the 45 possible handshapes in ASL, only 7 can appear as the passive hand of a Type-3 two-handed sign. These handshapes are unmarked handshapes \u2013 they are easier to articulate, more frequent within a sign language or across sign languages, and are mastered earlier by children who are acquiring sign language as their first language.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=bb0ccfa7-8e7e-4d76-90db-af6d00a590ae&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Although the Symmetry and Dominance Conditions were formulated for ASL lexical signs, these constraints appear to be universally valid in other sign languages as well (Channon, 2004). There are exceptions but they are relatively few in number. For example, in ASL and HKSL, 95.9%&nbsp; and 87% of Type 3 signs adhere to the Dominance Condition. Channon (2004) argues that these two conditions actually reflect human beings\u2019 cognitive and articulatory preference for signs to be simpler rather than being too complex.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:15px\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Battison, R. (1978). <em>Lexical borrowing in American Sign Language<\/em>. Linstok.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Channon, R. (2004). The symmetry and dominance conditions reconsidered. <em>Proceeding from the annual meeting of the Chicago linguistic society<\/em>, 40(1), 45-57. Chicago Linguistic Society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Eccarius, P., &amp; Brentari, D. (2007). Symmetry and dominance: A cross-linguistic study of signs and classifier constructions. <em>Lingua, 117,<\/em> 1169-1201.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/6-phonetics-and-phonology-minimal-pairs\/\">&lt; Module 6 &#8211; Phonetics and Phonology: Minimal Pairs<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-8-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-phonological-processes-lexical-variation-and-historical-changes\/\">Module 8 &#8211; Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Phonological processes, lexical variation and historical changes &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1440\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1440\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As we have shown in previous modules, natural signs can be one-handed and two-handed. Two-handed signs may have different combinations of handshapes, locations and movements. Are the combinations entirely random? Are there any restrictions on these combinations? Are some forms more preferred than others? These are the questions we will&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/module-7-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-symmetry-and-dominance-condition\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1440\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1440\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1440","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1440"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2772,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1440\/revisions\/2772"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}