{"id":1202,"date":"2021-08-19T19:40:09","date_gmt":"2021-08-19T11:40:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/?page_id=1202"},"modified":"2025-07-28T15:36:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T07:36:17","slug":"5-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-duality-of-patterning","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/5-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-duality-of-patterning\/","title":{"rendered":"Module 5 &#8211; Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Duality of patterning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=e41447f2-3034-4464-87bf-ad7b0025072e&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Central to Stokoe\u2019s simultaneous model of sign language phonology (1960\/2005) is his suggestion that American Sign Language exhibits \u2018duality of patterning\u2019 (Sandler, 2012). \u2018Duality of patterning\u2019 is one of the design features of human languages according to Hockett (1960). To illustrate what duality of patterning is in spoken languages, let\u2019s take a look at some English examples first. In English, there are individual consonants (e.g., d, f, p, t, k, m, n, l) and vowels (e.g, \u00e6, u, \u0259, a, \u0252, i). These consonants and vowels do not bear their own meanings. However, these meaningless sounds can be combined to form meaningful words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td> \/k\/ + \/\u00e6\/ + \/t\/ <\/td><td>&gt;<\/td><td> [k\u00e6t] \u2018cat\u2019 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td> \/d\/ + \/\u0252\/ + \/g\/  <\/td><td>&gt;<\/td><td> [d\u0252g] \u2018dog\u2019 <\/td><\/tr><tr><td> (meaningless individual sounds) <\/td><td><\/td><td> (meaningful words) <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=ebebffcd-f2c9-41b7-939f-ad7b00251186&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Hockett named this two-level combinatorial structure for word formation \u2018duality of patterning\u2019. According to Hockett, duality of patterning allows human languages to create meaningful units (i.e., morphological level) by combining a limited number of meaningless units (i.e., phonological level). These meaningful units can be further combined to form other larger words. Duality of pattern is observed in all spoken languages.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=2b924e7e-a2a3-4939-a9ff-ad7b0024f18e&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Stokoe (1960\/2005) demonstrated that ASL signs could be created from a limited set of meaningless elements. Hence, similar to spoken words, signs can also show \u2018duality of patterning\u2019. For example, in ASL, the sign APPLE consists of the following phonological elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>APPLE &#8211; ASL<br>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=40c7686b-d9de-4f5a-a13c-ad7900692fd7&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Handshape<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-1148\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey83.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey83.png 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey83-150x150.png 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey83-176x176.png 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey83-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>Hook hand<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Location<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-827\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location15.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location15.png 100w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location15-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>Cheek<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Movement<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-996\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement5.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement5.png 100w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement5-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>Twisting movement<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=06f38f2e-4837-4c32-ad83-ad7b0024f1c3&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">These elements, namely, hook hand, cheek and twisting movement, do not carry their own meanings. When they are combined together, they form the sign APPLE. The sign NEED in Hong Kong Sign Language is another example that illustrates how meaningless elements can be combined to form a meaningful sign. NEED consists of the following phonological elements. In this sign, none of the four formational units carries its own meaning. When combined together, however, they mean NEED in HKSL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 46%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"font-size:15px\">HKSL: NEED<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"694\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/NEED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1895 size-full\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/NEED.jpg 576w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/NEED-249x300.jpg 249w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/br><figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td>Handshape<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-1100\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey31.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey31.png 200w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey31-150x150.png 150w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey31-176x176.png 176w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/handkey31-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>An extended index finger<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Location<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-831\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location19.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location19.png 100w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/location19-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>Neck<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Movement<\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" class=\"wp-image-981\" style=\"width: 20px;\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement36.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement36.png 100w, http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/movement36-60x60.png 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 20px) 100vw, 20px\" \/><\/td><td>Contactual action<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-manuals<\/td><td><\/td><td>Lip-rounding<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=659847f5-3ee5-4ac9-b67f-ad7b0024f226&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">With duality of patterning, speakers\/signers can make use of a finite number of small, meaningless units to create an unlimited number of words and expressions. This is an important feature of natural languages. As time progresses and our society advances, there are novel concepts and things that require new linguistic labels. Duality of patterning allows human languages to remain productive enough to meet this ever-growing communication need. In fact, Hockett argued that duality of patterning is one of the linguistic features that distinguish human languages from animal communication systems.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=293c5521-fe65-4831-b318-ad7b0024f1f8&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p style=\"font-size:15px\">Stokoe (1960\/2005) and Hockett (1960) were published in the 1960s. Over the past six decades, there have been plenty of discussions concerning the universality of duality of patterning, and why human languages are structured in this way (e.g., de Boer et al., 2012). Although duality of patterning is observed in sign languages as well, not all signs are made up of just meaningless units. Unlike spoken languages, sign languages are visual languages, which can accommodate more visually iconic elements at the level of sign formation (Sandler et al., 2011). Hence, a sign may consist of sub-lexical units that are visually iconic, i.e., not entirely meaningless. Take the sign EAT in Hong Kong Sign Language as an example The sign mimics a human hand putting food into one\u2019s mouth. Hence, the handshape, location and movements are meaning-bearing rather than meaningless. However, it is still possible for us to break down a lexical sign into several sub-lexical units. Hence, sign languages still exhibit two distinct combinatorial levels.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-bottom\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 46%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"font-size:15px\">HKSL: EAT<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"178\" height=\"204\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/module5-pic1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1206 size-full\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cuhk.ap.panopto.com\/Panopto\/Pages\/Embed.aspx?id=e5ddbe9b-76ea-48c4-a995-ad79006a13eb&amp;autoplay=false&amp;offerviewer=false&amp;showtitle=false&amp;showbrand=false&amp;captions=false&amp;interactivity=none\" height=\"285\" width=\"720\" style=\"border: 1px solid #464646;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" allow=\"autoplay\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">de Boer, B., Sandler, W., &amp; Kirby, S. (2012). New perspectives on duality of patterning: Introduction to the special issue. <em>Language and cognition, 4<\/em>(4), 251-259.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Hockett, C. (1960). The origin of speech. <em>Scientific American, 203<\/em>, 89-96.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sandler, W., Aronoff, M., Meir, I., &amp; Padden, C. (2011). The gradual emergence of phonological form in a new language. <em>Natural language and linguistic theory, 29<\/em>, 502-543.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sandler, W. (2012). The phonological organization of sign languages. <em>Language and linguistic compass, 6<\/em>(3), 162-182.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/4-sign-phonetics-and-phonolgy-stokoes-notation-symbol\/\">&lt; Module 4: Sign Phonetics and Phonology: Stokoe\u2019s notation symbols<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/6-phonetics-and-phonology-minimal-pairs\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/6-phonetics-and-phonology-minimal-pairs\/\">Module 6: Phonetics and Phonology: Minimal Pairs &gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div><p id=\"pvc_stats_1202\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1202\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p><div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Central to Stokoe\u2019s simultaneous model of sign language phonology (1960\/2005) is his suggestion that American Sign Language exhibits \u2018duality of patterning\u2019 (Sandler, 2012). \u2018Duality of patterning\u2019 is one of the design features of human languages according to Hockett (1960). To illustrate what duality of patterning is in spoken languages, let\u2019s&#8230; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/sign-linguistics\/5-sign-phonetics-and-phonology-duality-of-patterning\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_1202\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"1202\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon small\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" version=\"1.0\" viewBox=\"0 0 502 315\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\"><g transform=\"translate(0,332) scale(0.1,-0.1)\" fill=\"\" stroke=\"none\"><path d=\"M2394 3279 l-29 -30 -3 -207 c-2 -182 0 -211 15 -242 39 -76 157 -76 196 0 15 31 17 60 15 243 l-3 209 -33 29 c-26 23 -41 29 -80 29 -41 0 -53 -5 -78 -31z\"\/><path d=\"M3085 3251 c-45 -19 -58 -50 -96 -229 -47 -217 -49 -260 -13 -295 52 -53 146 -42 177 20 16 31 87 366 87 410 0 70 -86 122 -155 94z\"\/><path d=\"M1751 3234 c-13 -9 -29 -31 -37 -50 -12 -29 -10 -49 21 -204 19 -94 39 -189 45 -210 14 -50 54 -80 110 -80 34 0 48 6 76 34 21 21 34 44 34 59 0 14 -18 113 -40 219 -37 178 -43 195 -70 221 -36 32 -101 37 -139 11z\"\/><path d=\"M1163 3073 c-36 -7 -73 -59 -73 -102 0 -56 133 -378 171 -413 34 -32 83 -37 129 -13 70 36 67 87 -16 290 -86 209 -89 214 -129 231 -35 14 -42 15 -82 7z\"\/><path d=\"M3689 3066 c-15 -9 -33 -30 -42 -48 -48 -103 -147 -355 -147 -375 0 -98 131 -148 192 -74 13 15 57 108 97 206 80 196 84 226 37 273 -30 30 -99 39 -137 18z\"\/><path d=\"M583 2784 c-38 -19 -67 -74 -58 -113 9 -42 211 -354 242 -373 16 -10 45 -18 66 -18 51 0 107 52 107 100 0 39 -1 41 -124 234 -80 126 -108 162 -133 173 -41 17 -61 16 -100 -3z\"\/><path d=\"M4250 2784 c-14 -9 -74 -91 -133 -183 -95 -150 -107 -173 -107 -213 0 -55 33 -94 87 -104 67 -13 90 8 211 198 130 202 137 225 78 284 -27 27 -42 34 -72 34 -22 0 -50 -8 -64 -16z\"\/><path d=\"M2275 2693 c-553 -48 -1095 -270 -1585 -649 -135 -104 -459 -423 -483 -476 -23 -49 -22 -139 2 -186 73 -142 361 -457 571 -626 285 -228 642 -407 990 -497 242 -63 336 -73 660 -74 310 0 370 5 595 52 535 111 1045 392 1455 803 122 121 250 273 275 326 19 41 19 137 0 174 -41 79 -309 363 -465 492 -447 370 -946 591 -1479 653 -113 14 -422 18 -536 8z m395 -428 c171 -34 330 -124 456 -258 112 -119 167 -219 211 -378 27 -96 24 -300 -5 -401 -72 -255 -236 -447 -474 -557 -132 -62 -201 -76 -368 -76 -167 0 -236 14 -368 76 -213 98 -373 271 -451 485 -162 444 86 934 547 1084 153 49 292 57 452 25z m909 -232 c222 -123 408 -262 593 -441 76 -74 138 -139 138 -144 0 -16 -233 -242 -330 -319 -155 -123 -309 -223 -461 -299 l-81 -41 32 46 c18 26 49 83 70 128 143 306 141 649 -6 957 -25 52 -61 116 -79 142 l-34 47 45 -20 c26 -10 76 -36 113 -56z m-2057 25 c-40 -58 -105 -190 -130 -263 -110 -324 -59 -707 132 -981 25 -35 42 -64 37 -64 -19 0 -241 119 -326 174 -188 122 -406 314 -532 468 l-58 71 108 103 c185 178 428 349 672 473 66 33 121 60 123 61 2 0 -10 -19 -26 -42z\"\/><path d=\"M2375 1950 c-198 -44 -350 -190 -395 -379 -18 -76 -8 -221 19 -290 114 -284 457 -406 731 -260 98 52 188 154 231 260 27 69 37 214 19 290 -38 163 -166 304 -326 360 -67 23 -215 33 -279 19z\"\/><\/g><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":763,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1202","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1202"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2765,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1202\/revisions\/2765"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.cslds.org\/apsl-consortium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}